1361 Battle of San Ruffillo: The Papacy defeats the Visconti

1392 The Florentines initiate an unsuccessful war with Pisa

1402 Battle of Angora: Mongols defeat Ottomans

1499 Battle of Frastanz: The Swiss defeat the Hapsburgs

1567 Jews are expelled from Brazil by order of regent Don Henrique

1593 Battle of Sissex: The Hapsburgs defeat the Ottoman Turks

1622 Battle of Hochst: Imperialists under Tilly and Cordoba defeat Christian of Brunswick

1675 Wampanoag Indians raid Swansea, Mass., initiating "King Philip's War" (1675-1676)

1756 Black Hole of Calcutta: Most of 146 British prisoners die

1779 American Revolution: Battle of Stone Ferry

1782 Congress adopts the Great Seal of the United States

1783 Battle of Cuddalore: Suffren's French fleet defeats an English squadron off India

1791 Varennes: Louis XVI is caught trying to escape Revolutionary France

1813 War of 1812: U.S. gunboats engage three British ships at Hampton Roads, Va

1815 USN accepts the steam battery 'Fulton', at New York

1837 Accession of Queen Victoria, 18, to the British throne (1837-1901)

1841 Texas Pres. Lamar sends 321 men on an ill-fated expedition to capture Santa Fe

1867 US buys Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million

1871 Klansmen put on trial in federal court in Oxford, Miss

1928 Punisha Racic, a Montegengran deputy, opens fire in the Yugoslav parliament, killing two Croatian deputies and wounding three, one mortally

1939 Heinkel He-176 rocket plane flies for 1st time, at Peenemunde

1940 The USS 'Vincennes' (CA 44) arrives at New York with 200 tons of French and Belgian gold thoughtfully shipped via North Africa to avoid capture by the advancing Germans

1941 The U.S. Army Air Corps is reorganized as the Army Air Forces

1942 Japanese sub 'I-26' shells Port Estevan, near Vancouver.

1943 Germans round up Jews in Amsterdam

1943 New Guinea: Japanese attack Australian 17th Bde on Mubo-Lababia Ridge

1943 Two days of race riots begin in Detroit, 30 die

1963 Cold War: Washington-Moscow "hotline" established