1054 Battle of Atapuerca: Leon-Castile defeats Navarre

1448 Battle of Caravaggio: Muzio Attendolo Sforza defeats the Venetians

1590 Giambattista Castagna elected Pope as Urban VII (15 Sep-27 Sep 1590)

1596 The Earl of Essex sacks Cadiz

1631 Imperial troops under Tilly take Leipzig

786 Harun al-Rashid becomes Caliph of Baghdad (786-809)

1115 Battle of Tel-Danith: The principality of Antioch defeats the Seljuks

1146 Nur-ed-Din Zangi becomes Atabeg of Aleppo and Mosul (1146-1174) in succession to his father, Zangi

1307 Battle of Paisley Forest: The English defeat the Scots

1346 Battle of Itri: Count Nicola Caetani of Fondi ambushes the Neapolitans

509 BC Dedication of the Temple of Jupiter, Juno, & Minerva, on the Capitoline

45 BC Caesar writes his will, in which he adopts his grandnephew Gaius Octavius -- later known as Augustus

81 Domitian succeeds his brother Titus as Roman Emperor (81-96)

122 Construction begins on Hadrian's Wall

533 Battle of the Tenth Milestone/Ad Decimum: Belisarius crushes the Vandals near Carthage

490 BC The Battle of Marathon: The Athenians and Plataeans defeat a Persian invasion [Trad]

1213 Battle of Muret: Crusaders defeat the Albigensians

1396 Crusaders under the Count of Nevers reach Nicopolis

1609 Henry Hudson lands on a hilly island "as pleasant with grass and flowers, and goodly trees, as ever they had seen, and very sweet smells came from them" -- Manhattan

1683 Battle of Vienna, Day 2: Christian armies under Poland's King John Sobieski defeat the Turks, who lift the siege of Vienna